Mục lục hiện

Dạng bài Gap filling trong IELTS Reading luôn là nỗi ám ảnh của nhiều thí sinh. Việc tìm ra từ chính xác để điền vào chỗ trống đòi hỏi không chỉ vốn từ vựng phong phú mà còn khả năng hiểu sâu ngữ cảnh của đoạn văn. ELSA Speak sẽ giúp bạn nắm vững các kỹ năng cần thiết để chinh phục dạng bài này một cách hiệu quả. Cùng nhau tìm hiểu nhé!

Định nghĩa Gap filling là gì?

Định nghĩa Gap filling là gì?
Định nghĩa Gap filling là gì?

Gap Filling trong IELTS Reading là một dạng bài yêu cầu thí sinh điền vào chỗ trống trong các đoạn tóm tắt văn bản. Đề bài sẽ đưa ra yêu cầu về số lượng từ giới hạn cho mỗi chỗ trống.

Kiểm tra phát âm với bài tập sau:

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Các dạng bài Gap filling Reading

Các dạng bài Gap filling Reading
Các dạng bài Gap filling Reading

Điền từ vào chỗ trống dựa trên bài đọc

Đề bài: Bạn sẽ được cung cấp một đoạn văn tóm tắt nội dung chính của bài đọc, nhưng có một số chỗ trống. Nhiệm vụ của bạn là điền vào những chỗ trống đó bằng các từ hoặc cụm từ chính xác lấy từ bài đọc.

Ví dụ:

  • Bài đọc: … The invention of the printing press was a significant milestone in human history. It revolutionized the way information was disseminated, making knowledge accessible to a much wider audience.
  • Đề bài: The invention of the printing press was a significant ______ in human history. It revolutionized the way information was ______, making knowledge accessible to a much wider audience.

Điền từ vào chỗ trống dựa trên danh sách từ cho sẵn

Đề bài: Bạn sẽ được cung cấp một đoạn văn tóm tắt và một danh sách các từ hoặc cụm từ. Nhiệm vụ của bạn là chọn từ hoặc cụm từ phù hợp nhất từ danh sách để điền vào chỗ trống trong đoạn văn.

Ví dụ:

  • Bài đọc: Other inventions – the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread – may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human…
  • Đề bài: The wheel is one invention that has had a major impact on ………… aspects of life
  • Danh sách từ: original, admired, material, easy, fundamental.

Dạng bài Gap Filling thường xuất hiện dưới các hình thức sau:

  • Summary Completion (Hoàn thành đoạn tóm tắt)
  • Sentence Completion (Hoàn thành câu)
  • Flow-chart/ Diagram Completion (Hoàn thành sơ đồ)
  • Note Completion (Hoàn thành ghi chú)
  • Table Completion (Hoàn thành bảng)

Các bước làm dạng bài Gap Filling IELTS Reading

Các bước làm dạng bài Gap Filling IELTS Reading
Các bước làm dạng bài Gap Filling IELTS Reading

Bước 1: Nắm rõ yêu cầu đề bài, xác định giới hạn từ được phép điền

Đây là bước đầu tiên và vô cùng quan trọng. Đề bài thường sẽ cho bạn biết rõ bạn được phép điền bao nhiêu từ vào mỗi chỗ trống. Có thể là “ONE WORD ONLY”, “NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS” hoặc một yêu cầu cụ thể khác. Việc nắm rõ yêu cầu này sẽ giúp bạn tránh trường hợp điền quá nhiều hoặc quá ít từ, dẫn đến mất điểm.

Bước 2: Đọc câu hỏi và gạch chân từ khóa (keywords)

Sau khi nắm rõ yêu cầu đề bài, bạn hãy tập trung vào câu hỏi và gạch chân những từ khóa quan trọng. Từ khóa sẽ giúp bạn định hướng được thông tin cần tìm trong bài đọc. Chúng thường là những danh từ, động từ, tính từ hoặc cụm từ mang ý nghĩa đặc biệt, giúp bạn liên kết câu hỏi với phần nội dung tương ứng trong bài đọc.

Bước 3: Đọc bài và tìm ra đáp án

Đây là bước cuối cùng và cũng là bước đòi hỏi bạn phải có kỹ năng đọc hiểu tốt.

  • Đọc lướt qua bài đọc: Đọc lướt qua toàn bộ bài đọc để nắm bắt ý chính và xác định các đoạn văn liên quan đến câu hỏi.
  • Tìm kiếm thông tin cụ thể: Đọc kỹ các đoạn văn liên quan đến câu hỏi, chú ý đến các từ đồng nghĩa, từ trái nghĩa hoặc các cách diễn đạt khác nhau của từ khóa.
  • So sánh và đối chiếu: So sánh thông tin bạn tìm được với câu hỏi và điền vào chỗ trống đáp án chính xác nhất.
  • Kiểm tra lại: Sau khi điền xong tất cả các chỗ trống, hãy đọc lại toàn bộ đoạn văn để đảm bảo câu văn mạch lạc và ngữ pháp chính xác.

Bài tập mẫu về cách làm dạng bài Gap Filling IELTS Reading hiệu quả

Bài tập mẫu về cách làm dạng bài Gap Filling IELTS Reading hiệu quả
Bài tập mẫu về cách làm dạng bài Gap Filling IELTS Reading hiệu quả

Bài tập mẫu 1: Điền từ vào chỗ trống dựa trên bài đọc

Air Rage

The first recorded case of an airline passenger turning seriously violent during a flight, a phenomenon now widely known as “air rage”, happened in 1947 on a flight from Havana to Miami. A drunk man assaulted another passenger and bit a flight attendant. However, the man escaped punishment because it was not then clear under whose legal control a crime committed on plane was, the country where the plane was registered or the country where the crime was committed. In 1963, at the Tokyo convention, it was decided that the laws of the country where the plane is registered take precedence.

The frequency of air rage has expanded out of proportion to the growth of air travel. Until recently few statistics were gathered about air rage, but those that have been indicate that passengers are increasingly likely to cause trouble or engage in violent acts. For example, in 1998 there were 266 air rage incidents out of approximately four million passengers, a 400% increase from 1995. In the same period American Airlines showed a 200% rise. Air travel is predicted to rise by 5% internationally by 2010 leading to increased airport congestion. This, coupled with the flying public’s increased aggression, means that air rage may become a major issue in coming years.

Aside from discomfort and disruption, air rage poses some very real dangers to flying. The most extreme of these is when out of control passengers enter the cockpit. This has actually happened on a number of occasions, the worst of which have resulted in the death and injury of pilots or the intruder taking control of the plane, almost resulting in crashes. In addition, berserk passengers sometimes attempt to open the emergency doors while in flight, putting the whole aircraft in danger. These are extreme examples and cases of air rage more commonly result in physical assaults on fellow passengers and crew such as throwing objects, punching, stabbing or scalding with hot coffee.

Văn bản tóm tắt: 

The first time that an (1) ………. of air rage was recorded was in the 1940’s, but the passenger was never actually charged for an offense because there were no clear rules in place to specify where to prosecute. It was later (2) ………. that it would be the country where the plane is registered. Air rage has (3) ………. significantly since this time, growing by a staggering 400% from 1995 to 1998. Air rage is (4) ………. to be a major problem in the future as air travel increases, as do levels of aggression. Angry (5) ………. can put everyone in danger including the pilots, the crew and the other passengers, with some form of (6) ………. being the most common consequence.

Từ cần điền: 

predictedestablished
roseoccurring
incidenthoped
passengerincreased
foundinjury
assaultpassengers

Đáp án: 

  1. incident
    Trong tình huống này, chúng ta cần tìm một từ chỉ một sự việc xảy ra, cụ thể là vụ việc bạo lực trên máy bay. Từ nào trong các lựa chọn trên có nghĩa tương tự với “case” và phù hợp nhất với ngữ cảnh? Đó chính là từ “incident”.
  2. established
    Để chỉ việc đưa ra và thực hiện một quy định mới, chúng ta cần một từ mạnh mẽ hơn “found”. Từ “established” phù hợp hơn, thể hiện việc một hệ thống luật đã được xây dựng và có hiệu lực.
  3. increased
    Từ cần điền vào đây diễn tả sự tăng lên theo thời gian. Mặc dù “rose” cũng có nghĩa là “tăng lên”, nhưng nó thường dùng để chỉ sự thay đổi của một con số cụ thể. Trong trường hợp này, chúng ta cần một từ tổng quát hơn như “increased”.
  4. predicted
    Cả hai đoạn văn đều đang nói về những gì sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai. Vì vậy, chúng ta cần một từ thể hiện sự dự đoán. “Predicted” là lựa chọn phù hợp nhất.
  5. passengers
    Từ “passengers” được sử dụng để chỉ một nhóm người chung, đó là những người sử dụng dịch vụ hàng không.
  6. assaults
    Từ “injury” chỉ vết thương, còn “assault” chỉ hành vi tấn công. Trong bài đọc, rõ ràng là các hành khách đã bị tấn công chứ không chỉ bị thương. Vì vậy, “assaults” là đáp án chính xác.

Bài tập mẫu 2: Điền từ vào chỗ trống dựa trên danh sách từ cho sẵn

The nature of Yawning

A. While fatigue, drowsiness or boredom easily bring on yawns, scientists are discovering there is more to yawning than most people think. Not much is known about why we yawn or if it serves any useful function. People have already learned that yawning can be infectious. “Contagious yawning” is the increase in likelihood that you will yawn after watching or hearing someone else yawn, but not much is known about the under-lying causes, and very little research has been done on the subject. However, scientists at the University of Albany, as well as the University of Leeds and the University of London have done some exploration.

B. It is commonly believed that people yawn as a result of being sleepy or tired because they need oxygen. However, the latest research shows that a yawn can help cool the brain and help it work more effectively, which is quite different from the popular belief that yawning promotes sleep and is a sign of tiredness. Dr. Andrew Gallup and his colleagues at the University of Albany in New York State said their experiments on 44 students showed that raising or lowering oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood did not produce that reaction. In the study participants were shown videos of people laughing and yawning, and researchers counted how many times the volunteers responded to the “contagious yawns”. The researchers found that those who breathed through the nose rather than the mouth were less likely to yawn when watching a video of other people yawning. The same effect was found among those who held a cool pack to their forehead, whereas those who held a warm pack yawned while watching the video. Since yawning occurs when brain temperature rises, sending cool blood to the brain serves to maintain the best levels of mental efficiency.

C. Yawning is universal to humans and many animals. Cats, dogs and fish yawn just like humans do, but they yawn spontaneously. Only humans and chimpanzees, our closest relatives in the animal kingdom, have shown definite contagious yawning. Though much of yawning is due to suggestibility, sometimes people do not need to actually see a person yawn to involuntarily yawn themselves: hearing someone yawning or even reading about yawning can cause the same reaction.

D. However, contagious yawning goes beyond mere suggestibility. Recent studies show that contagious yawning is also related to our predisposition toward empathy— the ability to understand and connect with others’ emotional states. So empathy is important, sure, but how could it possibly be related to contagious yawning? Leave it up to psychologists at Leeds University in England to answer that. In their study, researchers selected 40 psychology students and 40 engineering students. Generally, psychology students are more likely to feel empathy for others, while engineering students are thought to be concerned with objects and science. Each student was made to wait individually in a waiting room, along with an undercover assistant who yawned 10 times in as many minutes. The students were then administered an emotional quotient test: students were shown 40 images of eyes and asked what emotion each one displayed. The results of the test support the idea that contagious yawning is linked to empathy. The psychology students—whose future profession requires them to focus on others—yawned contagiously an average of 5.5 times in the waiting room and scored 28 out of 40 on the emotional test. The engineering students—who tend to focus on things like numbers and systems—yawned an average of 1.5 times and scored 25.5 out of 40 on the subsequent test. The difference doesn’t sound like much, but researchers consider it significant. Strangely enough, women, who are generally considered more emotionally attuned, didn’t score any higher than men.

E. Another study, led by Atsushi Senju, a cognitive researcher at the University of London, also sought to answer that question. People with autism disorder are considered to be developmentally impaired emotionally. Autistics have trouble connecting with others and find it difficult to feel empathy. Since autistics have difficulty feeling empathy, then they shouldn’t be susceptible to contagious yawning. To find out, Senju and his colleagues placed 49 kids aged 7 to 15 in a room with a television. 24 of the test subjects had been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, the other 25 were non-autistic kids. The test subjects were shown short clips of people yawning as well as clips of people opening their mouths but not yawning. While the kids with autism had the same lack of reaction to both kinds of clips, the non-autistic kids yawned more after the clips of people yawning.

F. There also have been studies that suggest yawning, especially psychological “contagious” yawning, may have developed as a way of keeping a group of animals alert and bonding members of a group into a more unit one. If an animal is drowsy or bored, it may not be as alert as it should to be prepared to spring into action and its yawning is practically saying, “Hey, I need some rest, you stay awake”. Therefore, a contagious yawn could be an instinctual reaction to a signal from one member of the herd reminding the others to stay alert when danger comes. So the theory suggests evidence that yawning comes from the evolution of early humans to be ready to physically exert themselves at any given moment.

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1 – 4 on your answer sheet.

Another theory shows that yawning is used for 1………………. individuals into a tighter social unit. Alternatively, yawning can help increase alertness of group members in case 2 ………………. is close. For example, yawning signals that a member of the group needs some 3 ………………. and requires the others to stay aware of the surrounding situation. This theory proves that yawning is only a spontaneous behaviour resulting from some part of a simple 4………………. system in early humans.

Đáp án: 

  1. bonding

Chúng ta rút ra được từ này trong câu văn “There also have been studies that suggest yawning, especially psychological “contagious” yawning, may have developed as a way of keeping a group of animals alert and bonding members of a group into a more unit one”.

  1. danger

Chúng ta rút ra được từ này trong câu văn “Therefore, a contagious yawn could be an instinctual reaction to a signal from one member of the herd reminding the others to stay alert when danger comes”.

  1. rest

Chúng ta rút được từ này trong câu văn “If an animal is drowsy or bored, it may not be as alert as it should to be prepared to spring into action and its yawning is practically saying, ‘Hey, I need some rest, you stay awake”.

  1. evolution

Chúng ta rút được từ này trong câu văn “So the theory suggests evidence that yawning comes from the evolution of early humans to be ready to physically exert themselves at any given moment”.

Tất tần tật lưu ý đối với dạng bài Gap filling

Tất tần tật lưu ý đối với dạng bài Gap filling
Tất tần tật lưu ý đối với dạng bài Gap filling

Để ý số từ được điền

Đây là yêu cầu bắt buộc mà bạn phải tuân thủ. Nếu điền quá nhiều hoặc quá ít từ, đáp án của bạn sẽ bị đánh giá là sai. Đôi khi, đề bài có thể yêu cầu bạn điền cả số và từ. Hãy đọc kỹ để không bỏ sót thông tin quan trọng.

Các dạng giới hạn:

  • ONE WORD ONLY: Chỉ được điền một từ duy nhất.
  • NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS: Được phép điền tối đa hai từ.
  • NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS: Được phép điền tối đa ba từ.

Xác định dạng từ

Việc xác định dạng từ (danh từ, động từ, tính từ,…) của từ cần điền sẽ giúp bạn thu hẹp phạm vi tìm kiếm và chọn đáp án chính xác hơn.

Ví dụ: Nếu chỗ trống đứng trước một danh từ, rất có thể bạn cần điền một tính từ để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đó.

Điền y nguyên từ trong bài

Đề bài Gap filling thường yêu cầu bạn điền chính xác từ hoặc cụm từ đã xuất hiện trong bài đọc. Việc thay đổi từ hoặc viết sai chính tả sẽ dẫn đến sai đáp án.

Đôi khi, bạn có thể phải thay đổi một chút về hình thức của từ (ví dụ: chuyển từ số ít sang số nhiều, đổi thì của động từ) để phù hợp với ngữ cảnh của câu. Tuy nhiên, ý nghĩa của từ phải được giữ nguyên.

Đọc lại xem có logic không

Sau khi điền xong tất cả các chỗ trống, bạn nên đọc lại toàn bộ đoạn văn để kiểm tra xem câu văn có mạch lạc, hợp lý và có nghĩa không.

Tránh lật đi lật lại nhiều

Việc lật đi lật lại quá nhiều giữa đề bài và bài đọc có thể làm bạn mất tập trung và lãng phí thời gian. Nếu cần, bạn có thể gạch chân hoặc đánh dấu các từ khóa quan trọng trong bài đọc để dễ dàng tìm lại sau này.

Bài tập Gap Filling IELTS Reading có đáp án

Bài tập 1

Lessons from the Titanic

A. From the comfort of our modern lives we tend to look back at the turn of the twentieth century as a dangerous time for sea travellers. With limited communication facilities, and shipping technology still in its infancy in the early nineteen hundreds, we consider ocean travel to have been a risky business. But to the people of the time it was one of the safest forms of transport. At the time of the Titanic’s maiden voyage in 1912, there had only been four lives lost in the previous forty years on passenger ships on the North Atlantic crossing. And the Titanic was confidently proclaimed to be unsinkable. She represented the pinnacle of technological advance at the time. Her builders, crew and passengers had no doubt that she was the finest ship ever built. But still she did sink on April 14, 1912, taking 1,517 of her passengers and crew with her.

B. The RMS Titanic left Southampton for New York on April 10, 1912. On board were some of the richest and most famous people of the time who had paid large sums of money to sail on the first voyage of the most luxurious ship in the world. Imagine her placed on her end: she was larger at 269 metres than many of the tallest buildings of the day. And with nine decks, she was as high as an eleven storey building. The Titanic carried 329 first class, 285 second class and 710 third class passengers with 899 crew members, under the care of the very experienced Captain Edward J. Smith. She also carried enough food to feed a small town, including 40,000 fresh eggs, 36,000 apples, 111,000 lbs of fresh meat and 2,200 lbs of coffee for the five day journey.

C. RMS Titanic was believed to be unsinkable because the hull was divided into sixteen watertight compartments. Even if two of these compartments flooded, the ship could still float. The ship’s owners could not imagine that, in the case of an accident, the Titanic would not be able to float until she was rescued. It was largely as a result of this confidence in the ship and in the safety of ocean travel that the disaster could claim such a great loss of life.

D. In the ten hours prior to the Titanic’s fatal collision with an iceberg at 11.40pm, six warnings of icebergs in her path were received by the Titanic’s wireless operators. Only one of these messages was formally posted on the bridge; the others were in various locations across the ship. If the combined information in these messages of iceberg positions had been plotted, the ice field which lay across the Titanic’s path would have been apparent. Instead, the lack of formal procedures for dealing with information from a relatively new piece of technology, the wireless, meant that the danger was not known until too late. This was not the fault of the Titanic crew. Procedures for dealing with warnings received through the wireless had not been formalised across the shipping industry at the time. The fact that the wireless operators were not even Titanic crew, but rather contracted workers from a wireless company, made their role in the ship’s operation quite unclear.

E. Captain Smith’s seemingly casual attitude in increasing the speed on this day to a dangerous 22 knots or 41 kilometres per hour, can then be partly explained by his ignorance of what lay ahead. But this only partly accounts for his actions, since the spring weather in Greenland was known to cause huge chunks of ice to break off from the glaciers. Captain Smith knew that these icebergs would float southward and had already acknowledged this danger by taking a more southerly route than at other times of the year. So why was the Titanic travelling at high speed when he knew, if not of the specific risk, at least of the general risk of icebergs in her path? As with the lack of coordination of the wireless messages, it was simply standard operating procedure at the time. Captain Smith was following the practices accepted on the North Atlantic, practices which had coincided with forty years of safe travel. He believed, wrongly as we now know, that the ship could turn or stop in time if an iceberg was sighted by the lookouts.

F. There were around two and a half hours between the time the Titanic rammed into the iceberg and its final submersion. In this time 705 people were loaded into the twenty lifeboats. There were 473 empty seats available on lifeboats while over 1,500 people drowned. These figures raise two important issues. Firstly, why there were not enough lifeboats to seat every passenger and crew member on board. And secondly, why the lifeboats were not full.

G. The Titanic had sixteen lifeboats and four collapsible boats which could carry just over half the number of people on board her maiden voyage and only a third of the Titanic’s total capacity. Regulations for the number of lifeboats required were based on outdated British Board of Trade regulations written in 1894 for ships a quarter of the Titanic’s size, and had never been revised. Under these requirements, the Titanic was only obliged to carry enough lifeboats to seat 962 people. At design meetings in 1910, the shipyard’s managing director, Alexander Carlisle, had proposed that forty eight lifeboats be installed on the Titanic, but the idea had been quickly rejected as too expensive. Discussion then turned to the ship’s décor, and as Carlisle later described the incident … ’we spent two hours discussing carpet for the first class cabins and fifteen minutes discussing lifeboats’.

H. The belief that the Titanic was unsinkable was so strong that passengers and crew alike clung to the belief even as she was actually sinking. This attitude was not helped by Captain Smith, who had not acquainted his senior officers with the full situation. For the first hour after the collision, the majority of people aboard the Titanic, including senior crew, were not aware that she would sink, that there were insufficient lifeboats or that the nearest ship responding to the Titanic’s distress calls would arrive two hours after she was on the bottom of the ocean. As a result, the officers in charge of loading the boats received a very halfhearted response to their early calls for women and children to board the lifeboats. People felt that they would be safer, and certainly warmer, aboard the Titanic than perched in a little boat in the North Atlantic Ocean. Not realising the magnitude of the impending disaster themselves, the officers allowed several boats to be lowered only half full.

I. Procedures again were at fault, as an additional reason for the officers’ reluctance to lower the lifeboats at full capacity was that they feared the lifeboats would buckle under the weight of 65 people. They had not been informed that the lifeboats had been fully tested prior to departure. Such procedures as assigning passengers and crew to lifeboats and lifeboat loading drills were simply not part of the standard operation of ships nor were they included in crew training at this time.

J. As the Titanic sank, another ship, believed to have been the Californian, was seen motionless less than twenty miles away. The ship failed to respond to the Titanic’s eight distress rockets. Although the officers of the Californian tried to signal the Titanic with their flashing Morse lamp, they did not wake up their radio operator to listen for a distress call. At this time, communication at sea through wireless was new and the benefits not well appreciated, so the wireless on ships was often not operated around the clock. In the case of the Californian, the wireless operator slept unaware while 1,500 Titanic passengers and crew drowned only a few miles away.

K. After the Titanic sank, investigations were held in both Washington and London. In the end, both inquiries decided that no one could be blamed for the sinking. However, they did address the fundamental safety issues which had contributed to the enormous loss of life. As a result, international agreements were drawn up to improve safety procedures at sea. The new regulations covered 24 hour wireless operation, crew training, proper lifeboat drills, lifeboat capacity for all on board and the creation of an international ice patrol.

Complete the table below using information from the reading passage. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

ProblemCause of the problemRegulated after the Titanic disaster?
(Write Yes, No or Doesn’t say)
Position of icebergs not plotted(1) ……… scattered all over the shipDoesn’t say
Insufficient lifeboats(2) ……… regulations(3) ………
Lifeboats not fulla) ignorance of the extent of the danger
b) fear that the lifeboats would (4) ………		(5) ……… 

(6) ………
Californian didn’t listen to the distress callsNo (7)……… wireless operation(8) ………

Đáp án:

  1. Ice warnings/ wireless messages
  2. out dated / out of date
  3. Yes
  4. Buckle
  5. Doesn’t say
  6. Yes
  7. 24 hours
  8. Yes

Bài tập 2

Selecting words from the text

Plain English “movement“

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language’, David Crystal, 3rd Edition, © Cambridge University Press, 2010. The instructions accompanying do-it-yourself products are regularly cited as a source of unnecessary expense or frustration. Few companies seem to test their instructions by having them followed by a first-time user. Often, essential information is omitted, steps in the construction process are taken for granted, and some degree of special knowledge is assumed. This is especially worrying in any fields where failure to follow correct procedures can be dangerous.

Objections to material in plain English have come mainly from the legal profession. Lawyers point to the risk of ambiguity inherent in the use of everyday language for legal or official documents, and draw attention to the need for confidence in legal formulations, which can come only from using language that has been tested in courts over the course of centuries. The campaigners point out that there has been no sudden increase in litigation as a consequence of the increase in plain English materials.
Similarly, professionals in several different fields have defended their use of technical and complex language as being the most precise means of expressing technical or complex ideas. This is undoubtedly true: scientists, doctors, bankers and others need their jargon in order to communicate with each other succinctly and unambiguously. But when it comes to addressing the non-specialist consumer, the campaigners argue, different criteria must apply.

Questions 1 – 5: Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. 

Consumers often complain that they experience a feeling of 1 ………… when trying to put together do-it-yourself products which have not been tested by companies on a 2 ………… . In situations where not keeping to the correct procedures could affect safety issues, it is especially important that 3 ………… information is not left out and no assumptions are made about a stage being self-evident or the consumer having a certain amount of 4 ………… . Lawyers, however, have raised objections to the use of plain English. They feel that it would result in ambiguity in documents and cause people to lose faith in 5 ………… , as it would mean departing from language that has been used in the courts for a very long time.

Đáp án:

1. frustration

2. first-time user

3. essential

4. special knowledge

5. legal formulations

Bài tập 3

Read the following passage about animal migration.

National Geographic

Large-scale migrations are among nature’s most magnificent events. Each year, wildebeest and zebra track the rains across the Mara ecosystem, monarch butterflies travel from Mexico to Canada and back, and small songbirds fly continuously for days. Scientists are now beginning to unravel how these animals know where and when to migrate.

Some of these animals, researchers have discovered, have their migration routes encoded in their genes. Even a songbird raised in a laboratory, never exposed to the natural world, instinctively starts its migration at the correct time of year and in the right direction.

However, the situation is different for large mammals like bighorn sheep and moose. Wildlife experts have long suspected that these animals need experience to migrate effectively, relying on social learning rather than genetic programming for their annual journeys. A new study published Thursday in the journal Science supports this idea—some animals must learn how to migrate.

The transmission of collective information and knowledge from older to younger animals represents a form of ‘culture’, researchers clarify. When animals learn through social interaction and the transfer of information, it constitutes a form of cultural exchange rather than genetic inheritance.

Fill each gap in the summary below with ONE word from the passage.

Researchers believe that 1. ______ play a role in certain animal migrations. For instance, songbirds do not need to learn when and where 2. ______ to migrate. Conversely, bighorn sheep seem to 3. ______ migration patterns from the herd. These mammals, among others, appear to possess a 4. ______ that is passed down through generations via interaction and the exchange of 5. ______.

Đáp án: 

  1. Genes
  2. Direction
  3. Learn
  4. Culture
  5. Information

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